By Liu Lin
劉琳
The largest-scale joint exercise between the US and Indonesia, the 2024 Super Garuda Shield exercise, kicked off on August 26 and will last till September 6 at several Indonesian military exercise ranges on Java and Sumatra.
8月26日，美國(guó)和印度尼西亞之間最大規(guī)模的聯(lián)合演習(xí)“超級(jí)神鷹之盾-2024”拉開帷幕。演習(xí)將持續(xù)到9月6日，在爪哇島和蘇門答臘島上的多個(gè)印尼軍方演習(xí)場(chǎng)舉行。
Originally a bilateral army exercise between the two countries, the Super Garuda Shield exercise was expanded into a multi-service event in 2022 involving the participation of more partner states. The latest exercise, the third after the elevation, created a record high in the number of both participating countries and troops. Indonesia deployed about 4,400 troops and the US dispatched about 1,800 to the exercise, along with hundreds of military personnel from Australia, Canada, Singapore, the ROK, the UK, France, and New Zealand, and observers from 12 other countries.
“超級(jí)神鷹之盾”演習(xí)最初只是美印尼之間的雙邊陸軍演習(xí)，2022年開始擴(kuò)展為多軍種演習(xí)，并有更多伙伴國(guó)參加。作為升級(jí)之后的第三次演習(xí)，此次聯(lián)演規(guī)模創(chuàng)新高，不論是參演國(guó)數(shù)量還是參演人數(shù)均超過去年。印尼派出約4400人參演，美國(guó)派出約1800名軍人,另有數(shù)百名來自澳大利亞、加拿大、新加坡、韓國(guó)、英國(guó)、法國(guó)和新西蘭等國(guó)的軍方人員參加演習(xí)，還有12個(gè)國(guó)家派出觀察員觀摩演習(xí)。
The exercise subjects included airborne operations, joint strikes, and amphibious operations. It's worth noting that cyber subjects were conducted for the first time, highlighting how much importance the two countries attach to strengthening their cyber defense capabilities. Besides, the first-ever participation of countries such as the ROK, Canada and France reflects America's attempt to further reinforce the Indo-Pacific network of allies and partners.
此次演習(xí)科目包括空降作戰(zhàn)、聯(lián)合打擊和兩棲行動(dòng)等。值得一提的是，此次演習(xí)首次納入網(wǎng)絡(luò)科目演練，凸顯美印尼對(duì)加強(qiáng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)防御能力的重視。此外，韓國(guó)、加拿大、法國(guó)等國(guó)首次加入該演習(xí)，折射出美國(guó)企圖進(jìn)一步加強(qiáng)印太盟友伙伴網(wǎng)絡(luò)的考慮。
The growing scale of the exercise – from bilateral to multilateral, from the army to multiple services – mirrors the geostrategic reality in the Indo-Pacific region and the considerations of the participants.
從雙邊到多邊，從單一陸軍到多軍種，演習(xí)規(guī)模的不斷擴(kuò)大，反映了印太地區(qū)的地緣戰(zhàn)略現(xiàn)實(shí)和各參演方的諸多考量。
First of all, joint military exercises, including the Super Garuda Shield, are important measures for the US to advance its so-called "Indo-Pacific strategy" on the military level. In recent years, the US has been organizing or participating in a rising number of joint exercises in the Indo-Pacific, with typical exercises like the Balikatan and the Super Garuda Shield assuming ever larger scale with more combat-oriented subjects. While the US claimed the exercises are aimed to maintain a free and open Indo-Pacific, they are actually to improve Washington's military deployments and war-readiness in the region and enhance the equipment interoperability with its allies. In particular, the US has brought its key allies, including the ROK, Japan, Australia and the UK, into several bilateral exercises, with a clear view to reinforcing their joint operation capability.
首先，包括“超級(jí)神鷹之盾”在內(nèi)的聯(lián)合軍演是美國(guó)在軍事層面推進(jìn)所謂“印太戰(zhàn)略”的重要手段。近年來，美國(guó)在印太范圍內(nèi)組織或參與的聯(lián)演數(shù)量不斷增加，“肩并肩”“超級(jí)神鷹之盾”等標(biāo)志性演習(xí)規(guī)模日益擴(kuò)大，演練科目向?qū)崙?zhàn)靠攏，名義上是“維護(hù)自由開放的印太”，實(shí)際上則是逐步完善在印太的軍事部署和作戰(zhàn)準(zhǔn)備，提升與盟友在裝備方面的互操作性。特別是，美國(guó)不斷將韓、日、澳、英等重要盟友逐步納入多個(gè)雙邊演習(xí)中，實(shí)現(xiàn)雙邊演習(xí)多邊化，加強(qiáng)盟友間聯(lián)合作戰(zhàn)能力的意圖明顯。
Second, the continuous expansion of the Super Garuda Shield exercise indicates the ever-closer military bond between the US and Indonesia. The US sees Indonesia as a key partner in its implementation of the Indo-Pacific strategy and seeks to intensify the bilateral military and defense cooperation because of Indonesia's important strategic location on the maritime transport route. Expanding their joint exercise is just one way of promoting their military cooperation in recent years. Last August, Indonesia signed separate agreements with Boeing and Lockheed Martin to buy 24 F-15EX fighters and 24 Black Hawk helicopters. In last October, Washington and Jakarta had their first "2+2" diplomatic and defense dialogue, at which they agreed to intensify defense cooperation in such areas as maritime security, military medicine, peacekeeping, and military education. Through closer military cooperation, Indonesia hopes to leverage America's strengths to modernize its own military and enhance its presence on hotspot regional issues.
其次，“超級(jí)神鷹之盾”演習(xí)的持續(xù)擴(kuò)容反映了美印尼之間軍事關(guān)系的不斷強(qiáng)化。印尼地處海上交通線要沖，基于其重要的戰(zhàn)略地位，美國(guó)將印尼視為“印太戰(zhàn)略”的重要伙伴國(guó)，尋求加強(qiáng)與印尼的軍事防務(wù)合作。聯(lián)合演訓(xùn)規(guī)模的擴(kuò)大只是美印尼近年來推進(jìn)軍事合作的一個(gè)方面。去年8月，印尼分別與波音公司和洛克希德·馬丁公司簽署協(xié)議，購(gòu)買了24架F-15EX戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)和24架“黑鷹”直升機(jī)。同年10月，美印尼舉行首次高級(jí)別“2+2”外交政策和防務(wù)對(duì)話，雙方同意在海上安全、軍事醫(yī)學(xué)、維和和軍事教育等領(lǐng)域加強(qiáng)防務(wù)合作。印尼加強(qiáng)與美國(guó)軍事合作，一方面是借助美國(guó)支持提升印尼國(guó)民軍現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)水平，另一方面也有著眼地區(qū)熱點(diǎn)問題的考量。
Third, under America's instigation and support, its allies such as Japan and Australia have also intensified their defense ties with Indonesia. Not long ago, Indonesian and Australian defense ministers visited each other and signed a defense cooperation agreement aimed to facilitate the mutual visit of their militaries to each other's bases, carry out joint exercises, and strengthen educational and training exchanges. Indonesia and Japan have also formed the "2+2" dialogue mechanism. Considering all these, Japan and Australia's participation in the Super Garuda Shield exercise would come as no surprise.
再次，在美國(guó)的慫恿和支持下，日本、澳大利亞等美國(guó)盟友與印尼的防務(wù)關(guān)系也在不斷加強(qiáng)。前不久，印尼和澳大利亞防長(zhǎng)實(shí)現(xiàn)互訪，雙方簽署防務(wù)合作協(xié)議，旨在便利兩國(guó)軍隊(duì)互訪對(duì)方基地、開展聯(lián)合演習(xí)、加強(qiáng)教育培訓(xùn)交流等。印尼與日本也建立了“2+2”對(duì)話機(jī)制。基于上述發(fā)展，日、澳加入“超級(jí)神鷹之盾”演習(xí)便不足為奇了。
America's rallying of allies for joint exercises in the Indo-Pacific has injected uncertainties into the region as some of their exercises are clearly targeted. In addition to stepping up military deterrence, the US also dreams of conducting joint interference with its allies in case a crisis or conflict breaks out in the region.
美國(guó)糾集盟友不斷在印太搞聯(lián)合演習(xí)，為地區(qū)局勢(shì)注入不安定因素。這些演習(xí)往往有著鮮明的指向性和針對(duì)性，除加強(qiáng)軍事威懾外，美國(guó)還企圖在印太海域發(fā)生危機(jī)或沖突時(shí)，能與盟友一道進(jìn)行聯(lián)合干預(yù)。
Analysts say Indonesia has traditionally upheld an independent diplomatic policy without the intention of picking sides between the major countries. Therefore, while strengthening military cooperation with the US and its allies, Jakarta has tried to downplay the strategic influence of the exercise by, for instance, incorporating many civil subjects. In the foreseeable future, it will continue to strike a balance between the major countries in order to protect its own strategic interests.
分析人士認(rèn)為，印尼傳統(tǒng)上奉行獨(dú)立自主的外交政策，無意在大國(guó)之間選邊站隊(duì)。因此，在加強(qiáng)與美國(guó)及其盟友軍事合作的同時(shí)，印尼試圖淡化該演習(xí)的戰(zhàn)略影響，如演習(xí)中納入不少民事內(nèi)容。在可預(yù)見的未來，印尼基于自身戰(zhàn)略利益，仍將在大國(guó)之間保持有利于己的平衡政策。
(The author is from the Institute of International Strategies, National Academy of Governance)
［作者單位：國(guó)家行政學(xué)院國(guó)際戰(zhàn)略研究院］
